Tissue separation method

ABSTRACT

Medical devices that have a novel mechanical trap(s) on the distal end of a shaft that is used for the removal of material from the body. Further an expandable channel is included to entrap the material that aid with removal or obliteration of tissue or foreign bodies is disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a division of patent application Ser. No. 09/792,917filed Feb. 26, 2001, which is a continuation of patent application Ser.No. 09/699,081 filed Oct. 27, 2000, which is a continuation of patentapplication Ser. No. 09/248,088 filed Feb. 9, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No.6,221,006, which claims the benefit of (a) Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/074,199 filed Feb. 10, 1998, and (b) ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/105,284 filed Oct. 22, 1998. The fulldisclosure of each is incorporated herein by reference.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] None.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In general, this invention relates to medical devices andmethods. In particular, the instant invention relates to an improveddevice for the removal of tissue or foreign bodies from the body. Oneparticular use of this improved device is removal of obstructions fromthe tubular channels of the body. These obstructions are usually bloodclots (thrombi) or other byproducts of occlusive vascular disease (e.g.plaque) or even instruments/implants lost by the physician during anintervention including but not limited to wires, stents, staples,components, embolic coils, etc. Further, the removal of matter fromnon-vascular channels is disclosed. Even further, the instant inventioncan be used for the removal of tissue including but not limited totissue biopsies, cancerous, necrotic, infected, or other diseased tissuefrom solid or semi-solid tissue.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Occlusive vascular disease is a common ailment in peopleresulting in enormous costs to the health care system. Blood clots arethe most common type of occlusion. Removal of clots from the body hasbeen studied for several years and many techniques (devices and methods)have been studied and practiced. One of the more common techniques isone referred to as embolectomy. Embolectomy is a treatment whereby theclot is removed from the body as opposed to being dissolved and thenreabsorbed. Another alternative is thrombolysis. As the name indicates,this is lysing (eating) of the thrombus (blood clot). Usually thisrequires a significant amount of potentially dangerous and alwaysexpensive drug that is injected into the vasculature. The drug deliveryis sometimes aided with special catheters, which may increase efficacy,but certainly increase cost. The deposit of sinuous plaque(arteriosclerosis) to the inner wall of arteries usually precedes clotformation. Several expensive devices (dilatation balloons, stents,mechanical cutters, etc.) have been introduced to fight this vascularocclusive disease, but none of which has proven to be the ‘magic bullet’to treat this ubiquitous disease. Because of the various problems withall of the techniques and approaches to solving this medical condition,there exists no particular method or device that is considered the mostaccepted mode of treatment.

[0005] Unfortunately, cancer too is a common ailment resulting in over1,500 deaths every day in the U.S. (550,000 every year). Therapymodalities for cancer are plentiful and continued to be researched withvigor. Still, the preferred treatment continues to be physical removalof the cancer. When applicable, surgical removal is preferred (breast,colon, brain, lung, kidney, etc.). Surgical removal is often extremelyinvasive and efforts to remove cancerous tissue in a less invasive waycontinue, but have not yet been perfected. The only cure for cancercontinues to be early diagnosis and subsequent early treatment. Ascancer therapies continue at an earlier stage of diagnosis, thecancerous tissue is smaller and smaller. Early removal of these smallercancers demand new techniques for removal and obliteration that are lessinvasive. The instant invention describes new devices for less invasivecancer therapy. There are many techniques and devices known in the artfor removing blockages in the vascular system and other passageways ofthe human body as well as removing other diseased tissue.

[0006] There is a continuing need for improved devices to meet at leastthe following objectives.

[0007] The first objective is to reduce cost. This is particularlyimportant in recent years where it is clear for safety and sanitaryreasons that these will be single use devices. A device, even though itperforms a function in some improved manner, will not be widely used ifit is considerably more costly than the alternatives available.

[0008] A second objective is to provide a device that is simple to useand in a very real sense simple to understand. This will encourage itsadoption and use by medical personnel. It will also tend to keep costlow.

[0009] The third objective is to provide a device that entails aprocedure with which the medical profession is familiar so that theskills that have been learned from previous experience will continue tohave applicability.

[0010] A fourth objective relates to the effectiveness and thoroughnesswith which the biological tissue or foreign body is removed. With regardto biological tissue removal, it is important that an optimum amount ofthe mater be removed; recognizing that no device is likely to provideone hundred percent optimization.

[0011] A fifth objective concerns safety, a matter which is often socritical as to trump the other considerations. It is important to avoidunnecessary tissue trauma. In the case of using the present invention orits similar inventions in the tubular channels of the body, it iscritically important to avoid breaking up matter in a fashion that leadsto flushing elements of the blockage throughout the body involved. Thesame may be true for removal of diseased tissue removal, certainly inthe case of removal of cancerous tissue.

[0012] There are trade-offs in design considerations to achieve theabove five interrelated objectives. Extreme simplicity and a very simpleprocedure might overly compromise safety. Addressing all of theseconsiderations calls for some trade-off between the objectives.

[0013] Accordingly, a major object of this invention is to provide animproved removal device that achieves the objectives of reduced cost,enhanced simplicity, a standard procedure, high effectiveness and a highdegree of safety. Most particularly, it is an object of this inventionto achieve these objectives with an enhanced trade-off value for thecombined objectives.

[0014] For these reasons, it is desirable to provide an improved devicethat may circumvent some of the problems associated with previoustechniques. This improved medical device provides a new configurationthat will eliminate some of those problems and methods for their use,which facilitate removal of vascular obstructions in the operating roomor interventional suite.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0015] In brief, one embodiment of this invention is particularlyadapted to the removal of blockages in vascular channels (biologic orsynthetic) of the body. That embodiment combines an expanding channelcatheter and a support wire having an occlusion-engaging element.

[0016] The support wire may extend through the expandable channel deviceor catheter, through or around the occlusion and at its distal end hasan annular braided element attached thereto. The support wire is a dualelement support wire having a core and an annular shell that slides onthe core. The distal end of the core is attached to the distal end ofthe annular braided element and the distal end of the shell is attachedto the proximal end of the annular braided element. Thus movement of thecore and shell relative to one another moves the braided element from aradially retracted position which is useful for insertion through thecatheter to a radially expanded position which expands it to thesidewall of the channel. When the annular braided element is in itsradially compressed (smaller diameter) state, it can be passed throughor around the occlusion together with the rest of the wire to reside onthe distal end of the occlusion. When the braided element is expandedand moved proximally (that is, in a retrograde fashion), it will engagethe occlusion and force the occlusion into the catheter. Alternatively,no motion of the engaging element may be required if aspiration isapplied. In this case, the engaging expandable channel device acts as aseal to prevent the suction from aspiration to remove much materialbeyond its point of deployment in the channel. Further, no motion of thedistal engaging element is required if the expandable engaging elementis moved distally toward the occlusion and thusly engulfs theobstruction by its forward motion and expandability.

[0017] The distal end of the catheter is proximal of the occlusion andcontains an expandable blocking mechanism that extends radially from thedistal end of the catheter to the wall of the graft or body passageway.This catheter expandable blocking element also has a radially retractedinsertion state and a radially expanded blocking state. The expandableblocking element is similar in construction to the distal engagingelement in that it is a tubular braid, which may or may not be coveredby or integrated with a thin film or membrane.

[0018] This distal tubular braid of expandable channel device is usuallybonded to the distal end of the catheter or an integral part of thecatheter. Pushing the assembly forward where it will meet resistance tothe obstruction actuates the expandable characteristic of the expandableengaging element. Alternatively, there may be a mandrel or drawstringthat may cause the tubular braid to expand. In this case, the distalblocking element is expanded in a similar fashion. In this radiallyexpanded state, the expandable engaging element and its film (ifdesired) blocks the annulus around the catheter so that the occludedblood or other obstruction which is being removed is forced into thecatheter where it is aspirated, obliterated or otherwise removed.

[0019] The instant invention also describes another use of the samedevice of the instant invention with minor changes. In this case, theexpandable tubular braid may be used as a tissue removal device asopposed to an obstruction removal device. In other words, the instantinvention could be used for harvesting vein grafts, removal of plaquefrom arteries taking biopsy samples, or removal of diseased tissue (i.e.cancerous or other disease) from solid or semi-solid tissue. In thiscase, the present invention would be pushed forward and when it reachedan expanded diameter (either by design of the tubular braid, design ofthe entire expandable assembly or by tissue constraints) it wouldseparate tissue via the wall of the expanded tubular device. Thisseparation of tissue may be aided by other energy sources such as, butnot limited to mechanical (cutting), thermal, electrical energies, etc.Once the desired amount of tissue is removed, the expandable tubularbraid (with tissue remaining within its inner diameter) may be removedfrom the body. This removal may include pulling the expanded tubularbraid element and thus putting it into a tensile configuration, wherethe tubular braided element will have a tendency to be elongated andconsequently the diameter of the expanded device may be decreaseddepending upon the matter contained within as well as the physicalconstraints put on the device by its particular environment within thebody.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0020] The instant invention provides an improved device of the typehaving a shaft with a proximal end and a distal end. The improvementcomprises configuring at least a distal portion of the shaft so that itcan assume a shape(s) along its shaft (proximally, mid-section ordistally) that will act as a TRAP or dragger. In the case of bodychannels or cavities, this trap mechanism(s) is moved along the lumen(artery, vein, intestine, stent, graft, or other hollow vessel or organ)and then past the obstruction or tissue (clot, plaque, or otherobstruction). Once it is past the obstruction, the user(physician/technician) can actuate the trap mechanism(s) so that it isenlarged beyond its original size/diameter and aid in removing theobstruction using another novel, elongate expandable channel. Thisnovel, expandable channel has the ability to start small but is easilyenlarged when the obstruction or tissue meets the distal end of thedevice. Once the material located in at least the distal end of thisexpandable channel (and possibly farther into it) the expandable channelthat is distal to the material may shrink down to the original diameteror close to it. In other words, this new channel acts like a snakeswallowing a large piece of food that originally is larger than thesnake's throat or intestines. For that reason, this new channel will bereferred to as PYTHON. This technique may be aided with other aids suchas the addition of lytic agents, monoclonal antibodies, vibration,irrigation, aspiration, therapeutic ultrasound or other energies such asmechanical, electrical, magnetic, etc. or pharmaceutical therapy(s) thatwill aid with removal or obliteration of the material. MIS (MinimallyInvasive Surgery) or LIS (Least Invasive Surgery) devices describedherein such as catheters and guide wires, for example are the mostcommon tools used by least invasive interventionalists today. Thesedevices are available in a variety of shapes and sizes from 0.008-0.500″diameters and from 6.0-80.0″ in length. In other respects, the cathetersand guide wires or other device(s) of the instant invention will havethe geometries, characteristics, and dimensions of those commonlyemployed for the intended purpose (e.g. introduction to a blood vessel(LIS) or surgical tissue removal (MIS). MIS and LIS are ofteninterchanged in their usage. Usually LIS refers to catheters, guidewires, (and the like) that are used within the body, often within thechannels of the body. MIS typically refers to videoscopic surgery whereminiature cameras are used to accomplish surgery. However, because ofthe large crossover of the use of these terms, the inventors do not wishto limit the scope of the devices described herein when these terms areused.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BACKGROUND ART

[0021] The intellectual property regarding vascular obstruction removalis extensive. Some of the pertinent embolectomy and atherectomydescriptions are set forth in a number of issued U.S. patents, includingU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,498,236, 5,380,273 and 5,713,848 by the inventor of theinstant invention (Dubrul) as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,762,130,5,827,729, 5,476,450, 4,998,919, 5,772,674, 5,370,653, 5,733,294,4,762,130, 5,443,454, 5,419,774, 5,112,347, 4,030,503, 5,653,684 and3,978,863.

[0022] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,498,236, 5,380,273 and 5,713,848 by the inventorof the instant invention (Dubrul) describe a Motion Catheter that isused for the removal and dissolution of obstructions within the lumensof the body. In these issued patents, Dubrul et al additionallydiscloses a filter/occluder that is similar to the TRAP mechanismdisclosed heretofore. However, Dubrul describes the filter occluderspecially to keep particulate (e.g. emboli) from traveling downstreamand causing deleterious effects on the patient (e.g. stroke). U.S. Pat.No. 4,762,130 by Fogarty describes a spiral balloon for the removal ofblood clots (thrombus). U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,684 describes a device thatuses and expandable tubular braid on the distal end of a catheter, butwith this device the inventor uses the device to crack atheromous plaqueusing radio frequency energy.

[0023] The intellectual property regarding cancer therapies and removalis extensive as well. Some of the pertinent cancer therapy descriptionsare set forth in a number of issued U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,368,597, 5,769,794, 5,647,372, 5,465,731 and 5,443,472.

[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,597 describes a reclosable pouch retainingtissue. U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,794 discloses a bag for cancerous tissueremoval. U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,372 describes a specimen retrieval pouch.U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,731 discloses a method and device for specimenretrieval. U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,472 describes a morcellator system fordiseased tissue.

[0025] Further, the pending patent application by the inventor (Dubrulet al) of the instant invention, Ser. No. 60/074,183, is pertinent tothe instant invention with regard to using the distal TRAP mechanisms asa Anchor and Tensioner as well as a Detachable Vessel Occluder.

[0026] Further U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,729 by Auth describes an aspirationthrombectomy catheter with an angled distal end to allow aspiration ofblood clot into the catheter. Ruggio, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,450,discloses an apparatus for aspirating substances into a catheter also.U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,919 describes a catheter designed to infuse a lyticagent and aspirate the residual clot through a larger lumen. U.S. Pat.No. 5,772,674 describes a thrombectomy device, which includes a deliveryand receiving catheter having balloons at their distal ends. Inaddition, Cragg, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,653, describes a thrombectomydevice with rotating brushes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0027]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a preferred embodiment of theinstant invention, being an inflatable balloon with a roughened surfaceor covering. This is one preferred embodiment of the TRAP as disclosedherein.

[0028]FIG. 2A is a schematic view of the preferred embodiment of theinstant invention and an alternative design of the TRAP describedherein.

[0029]FIG. 2B shows a malecot type TRAP with a roughened surface.

[0030]FIG. 2C is a cross sectional view of the malecot style TRAP of theinstant invention in its un-deployed state. Not illustrated in FIGS. 2A,2B & 2C is a covering, membrane, or film that could be used over orwithin the ribs or wings of the malecot style TRAP. Further, othermechanisms to change the rigidity of the mechanism are not illustrated.

[0031]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the instant invention andyet a third alternative design of the TRAP described herein. FIG. 3illustrates the TRAP of the instant invention where tubular braid isused. Not illustrated is a covering that may be over or within theexpandable TRAP.

[0032]FIG. 4 illustrates the tubular braid of the instant invention.This expandable component is pertinent to the design of the expandablechannel illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 as well as the TRAPillustrated in FIG. 3. Not illustrated is a covering that may be over orwithin the expandable channel.

[0033]FIG. 5 illustrates the expandable channel referred to as thePYTHON in place in a tubular channel of the body in its partiallydeployed condition. Not illustrated is a covering that may be over orwithin the expandable channel.

[0034]FIG. 6 illustrates the PYTHON expandable channel of the instantinvention. Here the PYTHON is in its deployed condition and has engulfedmaterial in the vessel. Not illustrated is a covering that may be overor within the expandable channel.

[0035]FIG. 7A illustrates the expanding channel of the instant inventionin its un-deployed state as it is entering a breast for tissue removal.FIG. 7A shows a treatment mechanism of the instant invention as well.

[0036]FIG. 7B illustrates the expandable channel, PYTHON, of the instantinvention whereby it is deployed and has engulfed the tissue as well asthe therapeutic mechanism. Not illustrated is a covering that may beover or within the expandable channel.

[0037]FIG. 8A illustrates the PYTHON expandable channel of the instantinvention as it enters the breast. In FIG. 8A, the PYTHON is in itsun-deployed state.

[0038]FIG. 8B illustrates the PYTHON expandable channel of the instantinvention whereby the PYTHON is deployed and has engulfed the targettissue of the breast to be removed. Not illustrated is a covering thatmay be over or within the expandable channel.

[0039]FIG. 9A illustrates the expandable channel PYTHON of the instantinvention in its un-deployed state in a tubular channel of the bodywhere it is about to be deployed and engulf an obstruction within thevessel.

[0040]FIG. 9B illustrates the expendable channel, PYTHON, of the instantinvention, as it is being deployed and beginning to engulf theobstruction.

[0041]FIG. 9C illustrates the PYTHON expandable channel of the instantinvention in its deployed state with the obstruction engulfed within theexpanded/deployed channel. Not illustrated is a covering that may beover or within the expandable channel.

[0042]FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an expandable channel used to removea section of a vessel for harvesting purposes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0043]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional drawing showing the device of thisinvention fully deployed in an occluded channel 2. The FIG. 1 drawingshows the TRAP element at the distal end of the catheter in its radiallyexpanded state. It is important to note that the TRAP element may take avariety of shapes as would be required for the particular application.The preferred shape is likely to be an ovoid shape. FIG. 1 is anillustration of the TRAP device using an inflatable balloon 1. FIG. 1shows the balloon in its deployed or inflated condition while inposition in a tubular channel 2 that is occluded with a thrombus 4.Hence FIG. 1 is an artery or vein 2 and the obstruction 4 is a bloodclot. However, the obstruction could be different from a blood clot asdescribed earlier and the tubular channel could be different from a veinor artery. The balloon catheter/TRAP 6 has been inserted into the vessel2 via a guidewire 3. The balloon is inflated with balloon inflation line5. Not illustrated in FIG. 1 is the expandable channel of the presentinvention that is illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9. In FIG. 1, theballoon has a roughened surface or covering to aid with removal of theclot 4 (or other material) from its adhesion to the wall of the vessel2.

[0044] Turning now to FIGS. 2A-2C, a preferred embodiment of theEntrapping Device. FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of the TRAP 12device with a malecot type mechanism 6 on the distal portion where themalecot has a roughened surface. The malecot is in its deployedcondition. The malecot mechanism could have a covering over or withinthe ribs or wings, but is not illustrated in the figure. This coveringcould be elastic or inelastic material. Further, a membrane could belocated within the malecot it self. In this case, the ribs or wings 7 ofthe malecot would have a membrane attached to the wings. This attachmentcould be the material that the wings are made of or an added material.The material used in construction of the malecot style TRAP 12 vary froma polymer to metals. If metal is used, the covering or attachmentbetween the ribs or wings 7 would need to be a polymer such as but notlimited to polyurethanes, silicone rubber, latex, polyethylenes, PET,MYLAR PEBAX etc. FIG. 2B is a cross sectional view of the malecotmechanism in its un-deployed state. Longitudinal slits 8 located on theTRAP 12 allow the ribs or wings 7 to be deployed outward. There are atleast two slits 8, but often four or six may be used. The slits areusually in pairs (but not necessarily) in that they are symmetricallyplaced around the circumference of the shaft 10. An inner mandrel ortube 9 is used to deploy or un-deploy the malecot. The malecot could beprogrammed to be in the deployed condition in its relaxed state. In thiscase, the inner mandrel or tube 9 would be pushed distally with respectto the shaft 10 to un-deploy the malecot. Alternatively, the mandrel ortube 9 could be pulled proximally with respect to the shaft 10 when themalecot is un-deployed in its relaxed condition. The inner mandrel ortube 9 would be a tube when a guide wire is used to place the TRAP 12into position. In this case, there would be a lumen through the entireTRAP catheter 12 and an exit hole in the tip 11 of the device. The guidewire and through lumen is not illustrated here. FIG. 2C is a crosssectional illustration of the TRAP 12 with the wings 7 expanded.

[0045] Turning now to FIG. 3, is a preferred embodiment of theEntrapping Device, the TRAP 12. Where the radially expanding mechanismis accomplished using an expanded tubular braid on the distal portion ofthe device although with all of the TRAP designs disclosed herein, thelocation of the TRAP along the device may vary proximally and distallyas required for the particular application. This braid may or may nothave a covering over it within it or under it. It is important to notethat the TRAP element may take a variety of shapes as would be requiredfor the particular application. FIG. 3 is a longitudinal view of thedistal portion of a support tube 14 with a braided occlusion-TRAPelement 13 in its radially expanded state. This is the state where thesupport tube 14 and TRAP element 13 has been inserted through or aroundthe occluding material that is to be removed. An inner wire or tube 15is used for actuation of the braided element. The braided TRAP 13 couldbe expanded in its relaxed state or conversely could be in its smallerdiameter, un-deployed (not shown) in its relaxed state. The tubularbraid can be programmed to be expanded in its relaxed state. In thiscase, the inner wire or tube 15 is pushed in a distal direction to forcethe braided TRAP 13 into a smaller diameter and un-deployed state. Theinner wire or tube 15 may be a tube when a guide wire is used. In thiscase, the inner tube 15 would have a lumen extending through the entiredevice with an exit hole 16 in the distal tip 17. In the case where thetubular braid is un-deployed and in a small diameter in its relaxedstate, the inner wire or tube 15 is pulled with respect to the outershaft 14 to actuate the TRAP 13 and radially expand it.

[0046] Turning now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, there is illustrated the tubularbraid that is used in the TRAP 13 of FIG. 3 as well as the expandablechannel, PYTHON, in FIGS. 5-9. FIG. 4A illustrates the tubular braid 18in its smaller diameter. FIG. 4B illustrates the tubular braid 19 in itsexpanded state. Shortening the tubular braid 18 causes the expansion.This is also referred to as putting it into compression longitudinally.Significant description of this tubular braid is described later in thepatent.

[0047]FIG. 5 is an illustration of the PYTHON expandable channel 20 asit is beginning to open and engulf the thrombus 4 inside a vessel 2.Again FIG. 5 illustrates vascular usage for clot removal, but theinstant invention described can be used in other tubular channels withinthe body for removal of visceral tissue as well as synthetic matter. TheTRAP 12 is in its deployed and radially expanded condition distal to thematerial to be removed. It has been passed through or around thematerial in a smaller and un-deployed condition. The shaft 14 of theTRAP 12 is located inside the PYTHON 20. Usually, the TRAP 12 has beenput into position and the PYTHON 21 is inserted over it in its smallercondition. In this drawing both the PYTHON 20 & 21 as well as the TRAP13 are constructed using multi-stranded braid. The braid material can beplastic, fabric, metallic, etc.

[0048] Alternatively, although not illustrated in FIG. 5, the PYTHON 21could be inserted into breast, liver, brain (or other solid orsolid-like tissue) for removal of matter there. This is usually done viaa percutaneous (LIS (Least Invasive Surgery) or MIS (Minimally InvasiveSurgery)) access site. This preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIGS.7&8.

[0049] In FIG. 5, the TRAP 12 illustrated is of the braided type, butcould also be any variety of TRAPS. In all figures, there may bestructures (not illustrated) in the figures that increase or decreasethe strength of the TRAP mechanism(s).

[0050] Turning now to FIG. 6 a preferred embodiment is illustrated wherethe material to be removed (blood clot) 4 is fully encapsulated insidethe PYTHON expandable channel 22 and ready for removal, dissolution orother obliteration. In FIG. 6, there is no TRAP. This is illustrated toshow that potentially the system may be used without a TRAP as describedearlier. Alternatively, the TRAP could be removed after entrapping thematter, but prior to its removal from the body. In this case, the TRAP12 would be undeployed to its smaller diameter. This smaller diameter isnear to the diameter of the TRAP shaft 14. In its smaller diameter, itcould be withdrawn first prior to removal of the PYTHON with entrappedmatter if preferred. However, it is likely that the PYTHON withentrapped matter would be withdrawn first, leaving the TRAP in placeshould it be desired to return to the same location again. The TRAP 12in this instance could be used as an anchor or tensioner so that adevice (i.e. catheter) could be easily placed over the shaft 14 of theTRAP 12. This is an exemplary embodiment of the instant invention andcould be used without an Entrapping Device. For example, it could beused anywhere a guide wire is used. Often times the guide wire has atendency to move after it has been placed exactly where theinterventionalist has placed it. Often the time and effort to place theguide wire is the most critical of the interventional procedure andassuring that this placement is retained is very valuable. Further, apreferred embodiment of this anchoring is the fact that the physiciancan also apply tension to the guide wire shaft 14 from outside the body.This is valuable because often disease in tubular channels within thebody occur significant distances from the entry point accomplished bythe physician. Further, the guide wire is often passed through tortuouspaths along the tubular channel. These tortuous paths are difficult witha guide wire, but can be even more difficult when trying to pass anotherdevice such as, but not limited to a catheter or endoscope. By applyingtension to the shaft 14 of the TRAP 12, these tortuous paths are muchless difficult to cross than without said tension or anchoring applied.This is accomplished because the TRAP 12 can be made very smallcommensurate to conventional guide wires.

[0051] Referring now to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the preferred embodiment of theinstant invention is illustrated for removing diseased tissue from thebreast 23. FIG. 7A illustrates a therapeutic instrument 24 forobliteration of diseased tissue including but not limited to cancer,fibroids, etc. The instrument is placed percutaneously into the breast23 (or other tissue including, but not limited to liver, brain,pancreas, lungs, etc.). The therapeutic instrument 24 is located in thearea of the diseased tissue and activated. This therapy or activationcan be a variety of therapies including but not limited to cryosurgery,electrosurgery, radio frequency, thermal energy, laser surgery, cutting,etc. The ribs or blades 25 are shown here in an expanded condition. Theyare first inserted into the breast 23 (or other tissue) in an unexpandedcondition not illustrated. When they are inserted in the unexpandedcondition, they approximate the smaller diameter of the shaft 26. Thisis readily accomplished in several ways commonly known to anyonenormally skilled in the art. One such mechanism would be similar to themechanism used to expand the TRAP described in the instant inventionwhere an inner member is moved with respect to the shaft 26. In thiscase the ribs would move from a smaller diameter and flattened conditionto an expanded condition as illustrated in FIGS. 7A & 7B. The expansioncould also be varied by the physician in that the more relative motionof the inner member to the shaft 26, the greater the expansion of theribs or blades. This is important because the physician can then controlthe amount of tissue to be treated and/or removed. The ribs or blades 25could be one or more in number. This rib design is commonly used inexpanding baskets for stone or other obstruction removal.

[0052] In the case of cutting, other energies or therapies as describeabove may not be needed. In this case, the ribs or blades may be sharpso that a twisting or turning of the device 24 would accomplishseverance of the tissue along the shape of the expanded blades or ribs25. If there is one blade or rib 25, the device would be revolved 360degrees. If two ribs or blades, 180 degrees and so on, depending uponthe number of ribs or blades 25. This turning or revolving can beaccomplished by the physician him or her self or could be incorporatedinto the device itself with the addition of a variety of differentenergy sources. Further, the cutting could be aided with a variety ofother energy sources described above.

[0053] Once the tissue is treated by any of the above means, the ribsmay help in providing a scaffold for advancing the PYTHON 20. However,the ribs or blades 25 may not be required in the situation where thePYTHON is used as a tissue removal alone without the aid of thetherapeutic characteristic described herein. This is further describedbelow in regard to FIGS. 8A & 8B.

[0054] Referring now to FIG. 7B, the PYTHON 20 has been moved forwardand expanded around the treated tissue. In this case, the expandedchannel 22 of the PYTHON has entrapped the distal end of the therapeuticdevice 24 including the ribs or blades 25 and the treated tissue within.Once entrapment is assured, the PYTHON may be aided with closing thedistal end 30 utilizing a variety of mechanisms only one of which may bea snare or drawstring 30A attached around the distal end of the PYTHON30. The separated tissue within PYTHON 20 has a radially-expanding andthen radially-contracting profile which can be described as generallyovaloid, ellipsoid or spheroid such as shown in FIG. 7B. Further, thePYTHON expandable channel may be covered or coated within the filamentsor both with an elastic or inelastic membrane. This may be important fora number of reasons the least of which is that upon removal of thetreated tissue; it may be desirable to prevent any particulatecontamination of the diseased tissue from passing through the tubularbraid. Without this membrane protection, diseased tissue could be leftin the tract used for insertion of the system while the system isremoved from the body. Certainly, this is critical when the diseasedtissue is cancer and the only therapy used is that of removing it fromthe body as opposed to chemotherapy, cryo therapy, thermal therapy, etc.Even with these other therapies, it may be desirous to not allow thetissue being removed from the body to pass through the porous tubularbraid. Upon removal, the physician usually pulls the PYTHON. Thispulling puts the PYTHON expanding channel into a tensile mode whichallows the PYTHON to be reduced in diameter and in some cases back toit's original smaller diameter 21.

[0055] Turning now to FIGS. 8A and 8B, another preferred embodiment isdescribed. FIG. 8A illustrates a cross sectional view of the EntrappingDevice 31 inserted into the breast 23. The Entrapping Device 31 is aimedat diseased tissue 29 located in the breast. The location of thisdiseased tissue 29 can be determined by a number of different diagnostictools including, but not limited to MRI, x-ray, ultrasound, palpation,mammography, etc. In FIG. 8A, the un-deployed and smaller PYTHONexpandable channel is constrained by an outer tube 27. This outer tube27 has before been neither delineated nor illustrated in the figures inthe aforementioned embodiments; however, it is likely that it will beused in all of them. Once the device 31 is in the appropriate positionas is illustrated in FIG. 8A, the PYTHON expandable channel 21 is pushedforward. Upon pushing the PYTHON forward, it expands due to resistancefelt by the tissue in front of it or other mechanism. The amount ofexpansion can be controlled by the design of the tubular braid,surrounding tissue characteristics or in the design of the device itselfas previously described.

[0056] Turning now to FIG. 8B, the PYTHON expandable channel 22 hasentrapped the diseased tissue. This entrapment may be aided by addingenergies including, but not limited to thermal, electrical, radiofrequency, etc. or with the aid of a cutting edge on the most distal end32 of the PYTHON expandable channel. Further, although not illustratedhere, the distal end of the PYTHON expandable channel 32 may have amechanism that will close the expanded channel prior to removal. Thismechanism may include a mechanism for severing the tissue that is notsevered during the pushing forward of the PYTHON as well.

[0057] Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9C, the preferred embodiment of theinstant invention is illustrated. FIG. 9A is a cross sectional view ofan artery 2 that is diseased with an obstruction 33 which is usuallyplaque that is deposited onto the inner wall of the vessel. In FIG. 9A,the PYTHON 35 has been advanced into the artery 2 and is just proximalto the occlusion 33. At this point, the PYTHON 21 moved forward relativeto the occlusion 33 and shaft 27 and begins to expand 20 in FIG. 9C.Again, the amount of expansion is easily controlled as previousdiscussed. As the PYTHON 20 is moved forward, it can separate theobstruction 33 from the wall of the artery 2 because there is a naturalplane 36 that exists here between the plaque 33 and wall of the artery2. This separation of the plane is not illustrated in FIG. 9. Instead,the PYTHON 20 separates the obstruction 33 from itself and provides alarger flow lumen in the artery. FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate the PYTHONbeing used in a similar fashion as is illustrated in FIG. 9 except thatthe PYTHON is used externally to the vessel for harvesting. This is mostcommon for vein harvesting for the physician (vascular surgeon) to usethe harvested vein as a graft to replace diseased arteries. The mostcommon harvested vein is the saphenous vein. FIG. 9C illustrates thePYTHON with some of the occlusion entrapped within the PYTHON.

[0058] These illustrations show only some potential configurations ofthe instant invention. Other parametric changes of the instant inventioncan occur such as location of the trapping element on the distal portionof the device as well as the actual type of mechanism(s) or trappingelement used. Additionally, the location of these mechanisms may varyfrom the proximal to the distal end although all figures illustrate adistal location. Removal of tumors or other diseased tissue fromotherwise healthier tissue, removal of foreign objects from channels,cavities or tissue in the body, etc. is also disclosed.

[0059] The device of the instant invention is used for intervention intothe tubular channels (arteries, veins, biliary tract, urological tract,gastro-intestinal tract, stents, grafts, sinuses, nasopharynx, heart,ears, etc.) or hollow cavities (stomach, gall bladder, urinary bladder,peritoneum, etc.) of the body. Additionally the instant invention may beused in solid or semi-solid tissue including, but not limited to breast,liver, brain, pancreas, lungs etc. It is particularly convenient to usein an operating room, surgical suite, interventional suite, EmergencyRoom, patient's bedside, etc. environment. One preferred embodiment ofthis device is that the flexible shaft is inserted into the tissue,tubular channel or hollow cavity of the body usually throughpercutaneous access or via a surgical incision. In the case of lumensthat enter and exit the body naturally, the device may enter through oneof those entry or exit paths (i.e. rectal opening, mouth, ear, etc.).The TRAP pulls the matter proximally toward the PYTHON or holds thematter from moving distally in the case when the PYTHON is movedforward. If used, the TRAP(s) mechanisms is deployed (usually actuatedby the physician outside the body) so that the umbrella(s)/trap(s)configuration on the device opens/deploys. As the TRAP is pulling theobstruction toward the PYTHON channel, the PYTHON channel begins to opendue to the PYTHON channel being put into compression. Alternatively, thePYTHON can be put into compression by moving it forward which expandsthe PYTHON around the material. This opening of the PYTHON channel maybe aided by creating a slight flare at the most distal end of the PYTHONchannel. As the matter enters the PYTHON channel and is enclosed withinthe PYTHON channel, the distal end of the PYTHON channel may close.Other mechanisms commonly known to anyone normally skilled in the artcould be used to enhance the closure of the distal end of the PYTHON ifso desired. One such mechanism may be a snare, which is located on thedistal end of the PYTHON. In this case the physician might pull on astring or wire that actuates the snare and pulls the PYTHON closed.Further, other mechanisms using electrical, magnetic, mechanical, etc.energies could be used. This closing or compression of the PYTHONchannel can be aided by pulling on the PYTHON channel and hence puttingit into a tensile mode. The TRAP and the PYTHON channel described hereinare usually inserted into the patient in an un-deployed fashion. It mayarrive in the package in a deployed or un-deployed state.

[0060] Once the device is in the desired position within the body, theumbrella(s)/TRAP(s) like mechanism(s), if used, is deployed. At thispoint, the user will pull the device in a retrograde fashion into thePYTHON channel and then remove (or dissolve or otherwise obliterate) thematter from the hollow structure. Alternatively as previously stated, ifused, the TRAP may be used to keep the matter from moving distally whilethe PYTHON is moved forward. Sometimes this removal is assisted withsuction/aspiration applied to the obstruction proximally (with theTRAP(s) deployed distally). Alternatively, the obstruction could beengulfed inside the PYTHON channel using aspiration/suction. Evenfurther, the obstruction could be engulfed inside the PYTHON channel bymerely pushing the PYTHON channel forward toward the obstruction with orwithout the aid of a TRAP, irrigation, aspiration, suction etc. Thisforward pushing causes the PYTHON channel to be put into compressionwhich in turn causes the PYTHON channel to open up to the largestdiameter. This largest diameter is available either by the design of thePYTHON channel or by the size of the channel/lumen where the matter islocated or other tissue constraints. In the case of solid or semi-solidtissue containing diseased tissue or other matter that is desirable tobe removed, additional instruments may be used. As one example, theremoval of a tumor from the breast may be aided with an obliteratingdevice (mechanical cutting, electrical, sonic, thermal, etc.). In thiscase, the physician would locate the tumor to be resected or otherwiseobliterated usually with the aid of image intensification (x-ray,palpation, mammography, stereotactic x-ray, ultrasound imaging,endoscopes, etc.). An elongate obliterating device may be inserted intothe breast to the tumor site where expandable ‘blades’ would be deployedto a degree equal to the amount of tissue to be removed. Suchobliterating blades have been used for removal of tumors in other solidor semi-solid tissue. The blades may be mechanically cutting blades oralternatively, other energy sources may be used to affect the cutting ofthe tissue. In this case of cutting, once the tissue is severed usingthe cutter, the PYTHON would be pushed forward toward the severedtissue. The blades would help in expanding the PYTHON around the severedtissue. In this instance it is likely that the PYTHON would be coatedwith a covering that would not allow the severed, diseased tissue frombeing in contact with other healthier tissue while it is being removed.This covering may be elastic or inelastic material. Such materials mayinclude but are not limited to silicone rubber, polyurethanes, PET,MYLAR, polyethylenes, etc. This covering may be advantageous for otherapplications of the PYTHON where the material being removed is desiredto be fully encapsulated within the PYTHON tubular braid channel withoutallowing for any fragmented components to pass through the porousfilaments of the braid. Additionally, other techniques may be used forremoval assistance such as the use of lytic agents, laser energy,dissolving agents, hydraulic assistance, mechanical agitation,vibration, ultrasonic energy or any other variety of assistance thatwill aid in the removal. Image intensification (Ultrasound, fluoroscopy,MRI, etc.) may be used as well to help with assuring thetechnique/removal is successful. Additionally, direct visualizationusing cameras or endoscopes may be used as well.

[0061] Possible configurations of the distal TRAP(s) mechanism(s) arevaried. One such mechanism(s) is a balloon that is inflated distally tothe obstruction. This technique has been used for several years and hasits place. However, because of the usual smoothness that is realizedwith balloons, the balloon can deform and slide past the obstruction orjust not be effective enough to remove enough of the obstruction. Hence,one preferred embodiment of the instant invention uses a texturing onthe balloon to help with removal. This texturing can be done by actuallycreating a rough surface on the outside of the balloon material that ispart of the wall of the balloon itself. Usually the balloon material ismade of elastic material such as silicone, latex, rubber, urethane, etc.Alternatively it could be formulated with just a flexible, but somewhatinelastic material such as PET, Mylar, Polyester, or any number of otherinelastic, but flexible materials. Further, the material could be ofsome hybrid elastic/inelastic material or compliant material. Evenfurther, the balloon may be aided with some other mechanicalsubstructure that aids in the outward radial force that is created bythe balloon. All of these configurations may or may not have a roughenedtexture on the exterior surface that will aid in the removal of theobstruction. Alternatively, all of the above mentioned configurationscould have a separate or additional material applied over the inflatablemembrane which may or may not be roughened. The roughened surface on theballoon, malecot, covering or film within the malecot and braideddevices is easily accomplished in the manufacturing environment. Onesuch way is to create bubbles in a liquid slurry of the polymer prior toits solid curing. Another might be the addition of dissolvable crystalsto the surface of the liquid polymer prior to its cure. Thesedissolvable crystals could then be removed (washed off) after curing ofthe polymer.

[0062] Another configuration that could be used for the TRAP is amechanism(s) known as a malecot. This malecot is a common configurationused in catheters for holding them in place (in the case of feedingtubes in the intestines or stomach). It is usually a polymeric tube thathas more than one, but usually two or more slits symmetrically opposed.When the distal tip of the malecot is put into compression (usually bypulling an inner wire or mandrel or tube), the sides of the polymer arepushed outward to create a larger diameter on the distal tip. Thislarger diameter is larger than the body/shaft of the device. In the caseof a malecot type configuration (as with the inflatable mechanism(s)mentioned above), the surface of the malecot could be roughened or aseparate membrane (attached or not) could be put over or under themalecot so that it is roughened or strengthened. Further, a membranethat connects the ribs or wings of a malecot is easily fabricated toincrease the surface area of the malecot ribs or wings alone.

[0063] Yet, another alternative design of the TRAP is one that hassimilarities to the malecot, but uses a multi-stranded braid on thedistal end. When the braid is put into compression, the braid is pulledtogether and it flares out to create a larger diameter on the distalend. Alternatively, either the braid or the malecot can have a permanentset put into in so that it is normally open with the larger diameter. Inthis case, when it is put into tension (usually from some inner (orouter) core wire or mandrel), it collapses down to the diameter of theshaft of the device.

[0064] Alternatively, too much abrasive action on the surface of themechanism(s) may be deleterious to the patient as well. In the case ofthe braided configuration, some smoothener may be required so that justthe appropriate amount of friction is realized for effective obstructionremoval. Further, the realized rigidity of any of the type ofmechanism(s)s must be optimized for this removal in the particularapplication.

[0065] The PYTHON channel can also be fabricated from several materialsand configurations. One preferred configuration is similar to one of theTRAP designs; that being a multi-stranded braided device. The strandscan be made of any material that would be useful for a particularapplication (polymers like polyester, nylon, Mylar, etc.) or, metal(stainless steel, nickel titanium alloy (Nitinol), platinum, etc.).Certainly, the materials of the instant invention are not constrained tothose materials listed. Additionally, the PYTHON channel may be coatedor encased in an elastomeric or other covering. Further, the PYTHONchannel may be fabricated of a material that will enlarge due todifferent forces than that of the braid mentioned previously. One othersuch force derived mechanism could be a material that swells/enlargeswhen put into a moist environment. Another such forced derived mechanismis one that swells/enlarges when thermal energy is applied such as TwoWay Shaped Memory Alloy (TWSMA) such as a Nickel-Titanium alloy. Yet,another may be one that occurs from an electrical, magnetic or othermechanical configuration/design/force. The Tubular Braid Elements

[0066] The TRAP apparatus includes an elongate tube; an elongate mandrelinside the tube and an expandable tubular braid. The elongate mandrelextends from the proximal end of the device to the distal end. Theelongate tube usually extends from close to the proximal end of thedevice to close to the distal end. The distal end of the tubular braidis bonded to the distal end of the inner elongate mandrel. The mandrelmay extend beyond the tubular braid. The proximal end of the tubularbraid is bonded to the distal end of the elongate tube.

[0067] The braid may be open, but may be laminated or covered with acoating of elastic, generally inelastic, plastic or plasticallydeformable material, such as silicone rubber, latex, polyethylene,thermoplastic elastomers (such as C-Flex, commercially available fromConsolidated Polymer Technology), polyurethane and the like. Theassembly of tube, mandrel and braid is introduced percutaneously in itsradially compressed state. In this state, the outside diameter of thebraid is close to the outside diameter of the elongate tube. Thisdiameter is in the range of 10 to 500 mils, and usually 25 to 250 mils(i.e. thousandth of an inch). After insertion, moving the mandrelproximally with respect to the tube expands the tubular braid.

[0068] The tubular braid is preferably formed as a mesh of individualnon-elastic filaments (called “yarns” in the braiding industry).However, it can have some elastic filaments interwoven to create certaincharacteristics. The non-elastic yarns can be materials such aspolyester, PET, polypropylene, polyamide fiber (Kevlar, DuPont),composite filament wound polymer, extruded polymer tubing (such as NylonII or Ultem, commercially available from General Electric), stainlesssteel, Nickel Titanium (Nitinol), or the like so that axial shorteningcauses radial expansion of the braid. These materials have sufficientstrength so that the TRAP element will retain its expanded condition inthe lumen of the body while removing the matter therefrom. Further, allexpandable mechanisms described heretofore, can be manufactured usingshape memory materials so that they are self expanding or evenexpandable when certain temperatures or thermal energies are deliveredto the mechanisms. Such material characteristics can be accomplishedwith different programming methods such as, but not limited to Two WayShape Memory (TWSM) alloys.

[0069] The braid may be of conventional construction, comprising roundfilaments, flat or ribbon filaments, square filaments, or the like.Non-round filaments may be advantageous to decrease the axial forcerequired for expansion to create a preferred surface area configurationor to decrease the wall thickness of the tubular braid. The filamentwidth or diameter will typically be from about 0.5 to 50 mils, usuallybeing from about 5 to 20 mils. Suitable braids are commerciallyavailable from a variety of commercial suppliers.

[0070] The tubular braids are typically formed by a “Maypole” dance ofyarn carriers. The braid consists of two systems of yarns alternatelypassing over and under each other causing a zigzag pattern on thesurface. One system of yarns moves helically clockwise with respect tothe fabric axis while the other moves helically counter-clockwise. Theresulting fabric is a tubular braid. Common applications of tubularbraids are lacings, electrical cable covers (i.e. insulation andshielding), “Chinese hand-cuffs” and reinforcements for composites. Toform a balanced, torque-free fabric (tubular braid), the structure mustcontain the same number of yarns in each helical direction. The tubularbraid may also be pressed flat to form a double thickness fabric strip.The braid weave used in the tubular braid of the present invention willpreferably be of the construction known as “two dimensional, tubular,diamond braid” that has a 1/1 intersection pattern of the yarns which isreferred to as the “intersection repeat”. Alternatively, a Regular braidwith a 2/2 intersection repeat and a Hercules braid with an intersectionrepeat of 3/3 may be used. In all instances, the helix angle (that beingthe angle between the axis of the tubular braid and the yarn) willincrease as the braid is expanded. Even further, Longitudinal Lay-Inscan be added within the braid yarns and parallel to the axis to aid withstability, improve tensile and compressive properties and modulus of thefabric. When these longitudinal “Lay-In” yarns are elastic in nature,the tubular braid is known as an elastic braid. When the longitudinalyarns are stiff, the fabric is called a rigid braid. Biaxially braidedfabrics such as those of the present invention are not dimensionallystable. This is why the braid can be placed into an expanded state froma relaxed state (in the case of putting it into the compressive mode).Alternatively this could be a decreased/reduced (braid diameterdecreases) state when put into tension from the relaxed state. When putinto tension (or compression for that matter) the braid eventuallyreaches a state wherein the diameter will decrease no more. This iscalled the “Jammed State”. On a stress strain curve, this corresponds toincrease modulus. Much of the engineering analyses concerning braids arecalculated using the “Jammed State” of the structure/braid. Thesecalculations help one skilled in the art to design a braid withparticular desired characteristics. Further, material characteristicsare tensile strength, stiffness and Young's modulus. In most instances,varying the material characteristics will vary the force with which theexpanded condition of the tubular can exert radially. Even further, thefriction between the individual yarns has an effect on the forcerequired to compress and un-compress the tubular braid. For the presentinvention, friction should be relatively low for a chosen yarn so thatthe user will have little trouble deploying the engaging element. Thisis particularly important when the engaging element is located asignificant distance from the user. Such is the case when thepercutaneous entry is the groin (Femoral Artery for vascularinterventions) and the point of engaging the engaging element is somedistance away (i.e. the Carotid Artery in the neck). Similarly, this istrue for long distances that are not vascular or percutaneousapplications. Other Comments

[0071] An important consideration of the invention described herein isthat the support wire with its expanding element can be fabricated witha very small diameter. This is important because it allows an optimallylarge annular space between the wire and the inside of the PYTHON formaximum obstruction removal. Previous engaging elements have been usedthat use a balloon for the engaging element. This balloon designrequires a larger shaft diameter than that of the present invention.Hence, in these previous devices the annular space is not maximized asin the present invention. The term wire is used to refer to the supportportion of the removal TRAP device. The material of the wire need notnecessarily be metal. Further, it may be desirable to use a ‘double’engaging element (i.e. two braided or malecot expanding elementsseparated a distance appropriate to entrap the occlusion) in the casefor example where the occlusion is desired to be trapped in the vessel.The term wire is used herein to refer to a dual element device having ashell component and a core or mandrel component which are longitudinallymoveable relative to one another so as to be able to place the braidedTRAP element into its small diameter insertion state and its largediameter occlusion removal state.

[0072] Additionally, other instruments/mechanisms may be used to helporient the obstruction or tissue into the PYTHON channel. This may be ofparticular importance when the PYTHON is used in a hollow cavity such asthe stomach or peritoneal cavity. In such an instance, a variety ofdevices (or no devices) may be used to aid with arranging theobstruction, tissue, organ, etc. into the PYTHON.

[0073] Device Testing

[0074] Prototypes of the PYTHON were fabricated from the materialsdisclosed heretofore and of the dimensions commensurate with thisdisclosure. Congealed matter such as blood and gels were installed ingraft material (Expanded PTFE) and other polymeric tubular channels(with and without TRAP mechanisms). The PYTHON easily removed more than95% of the enclosed matter from the graft. Further, metallic tubularbraid severed semisolid material by forcing in into the semi-solidmaterial. This severing of material was accomplished even without theaid of other energies disclosed heretofore.

[0075] An exemplary device has the following characteristics:

[0076] working Length

[0077] 10-500 cm

[0078] Working Diameter

[0079] The wire of the TRAP has an outer diameter that ranges from0.006″ to 0.150″, but can extend to smaller and larger sizes astechnology and procedures require. The TRAP of the instant inventionwould be small in its un-deployed state (similar to that of the wirementioned above), but would be expandable to diameters of 10 mils to 500mils or even larger. The PYTHON channel will usually have two diametersas well, a smaller diameter for insertion into the body which would inthe range of 20 to 100 mils or even larger. Moreover, the used ordeployed state of the PYTHON channel may extend from 50 mils to 2000mils or even larger.

[0080] Physical Configuration

[0081] The device of the instant invention may have conventionallubricious coatings to enhance introduction into the target body lumen,e.g. hyaluronic or other equivalent coatings. Further, the technicianmay apply a lubricious coating just before surgery. As an advantage ofthe instant invention, the device will be less difficult to feed it tothe desired location in the body due to its decreased size. Anotheradvantage of the instant invention would be the ease with which mattercan be entrapped for removal or obliteration. This decreased difficultywill decrease cost due to time in the Operating Room (Operating Roomscosts are estimated in excess of $90 dollars per minute in the U.S.)Additionally, there will be realized a decrease in difficulty forremoval of the matter and will aid in patient care/recovery and thepotential in deleterious effects due to the inability to remove thematter (part or all) from the patient.

[0082] An exemplary device having an umbrella(s)/TRAP(s) mechanism(s)located on its distal tip is illustrated in figures. This TRAP(s)mechanism(s) may be at the tip or somewhere else in the distal portionof the device or even in the middle of the device. Additionally, thismechanism(s) may be any of a number of mechanisms that will help aid inremoving the matter.

[0083] The pushability of the PYTHON channel or sheath may be limitingand advancement may be problematic. If this should occur, an outersleeve may be added to the PYTHON channel to aid with positioning of thedevice in the preferred location (usually adjacent to the obstruction).Once the PYTHON channel is in this position, the sleeve could be removedso that additional push or compression will allow the PYTHON channel toexpand, open, and hence entrap the obstruction. Alternatively or inaddition to the outer containing sleeve of the PYTHON, an inner mandrelwire might be used to pull the PYTHON into the desired position in thebody.

[0084] Although the foregoing invention has been described in somedetail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modificationsmay be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for separating a tissue section from abody comprising: placing a tissue separation device adjacent to a targettissue section; moving an open outer end of the tissue separation devicefrom a first position, along a radially-expanding and thenradially-contracting path thereby, and to a second position, therebycreating a separated tissue section having a radially-expanding and thenradially-contracting profile created by the path of the open outer endof the device.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the placingstep is carried out through a hollow tube.
 3. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the placing step is carried out with the aid of alocalization device that has been placed in the body to help localizethe target tissue section.
 4. The method according to claim 1 furthercomprising removing the separated tissue section from the body.
 5. Themethod according to claim 4 further comprising radially squeezing theseparated tissue section prior to the removing step.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the placing step is carried outpercutaneously.
 7. The method according to claim 1 further comprisingenergizing the tissue separation device to aid separation of the tissuesection.
 8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the energizing stepis carried out using at least one of the following sources of energy:electrical, radiofrequency, vibrational and ultrasonic.
 9. A method forremoving a tissue section from a body comprising: percutaneously placinga tissue separation device adjacent to a target tissue section using ahollow introducer tube; moving an open outer end of the tissueseparation device from a first position within the introducer tube,along a radially-expanding and then radially-contracting path, and to asecond position, thereby creating a separated tissue section having aradially-expanding and then radially-contracting profile created by thepath of the open outer end of the device removing the separated tissuesection, housed within the tissue separation device, from the body. 10.The method according to claim 9 further comprising using the tissueseparation device to radially squeeze the separated tissue section priorto the removing step.
 11. The method according to claim 9 furthercomprising energizing the tissue separation device to aid separation ofthe tissue section.